1. 哈弗h3后保险杠装饰板怎么拆

先拆前杠在拆灯杠架和抢杠是一起下来的螺丝在下面有4个13的还有杠角这样就简单了

2. 哈弗h1保险杠下饰板,拆解视频

打开前机盖，前包顶上有4个螺母拆掉，然后把前包围向上提一提，再向外拉出一点。

中网后面有4个小螺丝拆下，接着就省卡扣了，稍微用点力就行了，中网后面的螺丝有点难拆，或者全通的拆法，把前包围全拆下来，然后再拆中网

3. 哈弗h9后保险杠怎么拆

改轮毂，改减震，改装前后杠，加绞盘，加行李架或者天幕，加副油箱等等，可改性还是挺高的。

4. 哈弗h3后保险杠装饰板怎么拆下来

将前保险杠的四个固定螺丝拧开就可以

5. 哈弗h2前保险杠拆解教程

1、把新的后雾灯准备好，可以到网上购买相同型号的雾灯。

2、首先把汽车后备箱的盖子打开，拧下4个塑料螺丝，如果是滑丝，则可以用平口起子翘起来一些再拧开。最好把两侧的螺栓也卸下来。

3、然后把保险杠下的五颗螺丝拧下来，才能把汽车的保险杠拆下来。

4、再把挡泥板的螺丝拧下来，这样就可以有足够的空间换雾灯了。

5、用手捏住雾灯然后逆时针扭30度，就可以把雾灯拧出来了。

6、白色是雾灯线，红色是零线，把旧的雾灯与线切断，在把雾灯卸下来。

7、接上线路，把新的雾灯固定好，并安装回去，这个过程与拆旧雾灯相反。尝试打开新的雾灯是否正常工作。

8、最后把汽车的部件逐个按顺序装回去就可以了。

6. 哈弗h4后保险杠拆解

长城最大的suv就是哈弗H9这款车。

2022款哈弗H9是中期改款车型，外观上依旧保持了现款高大威猛的体型，最大的变化就是前脸经过重新修饰，换用了竖条式镀铬前中网，条幅非常粗壮，而且中网边缘还有外扩设计，再配合上细节更立体的前保险杠，2022款哈弗H9的前脸看起来更豪华，而且比现款也多了不少的霸气。内饰方面也维持了原有设计，主要变化就是改用了全新的中控系统，功能更现代化，更丰富，中控屏也变得更大，空调出风口被改放到了下侧。

7. 哈弗h4前保险杠更换方法视频

Adobe Premiere是Adobe家族的一款剪辑软件，它给我的感觉就是入门快、功能强大，无论是对于新手还是专业人士，PR在大部分情况下都是很友好的。

认识PR

Pr全称Adobe Premiere，是Adobe公司开发的一款视频剪辑&编辑软件。主要用于视频采集、视频剪辑、调色、添加字幕、编辑音频、渲染输出。

Premiere提供了采集、剪辑、调色、美化音频、字幕添加、输出、DVD刻录的一整套流程，并和其他Adobe软件高效集成，使用户足以完成在编辑、制作、工作流上遇到的所有挑战，满足用户创建高质量作品的要求。

下载PR软件

Adobe官网下载

进入Adobe官网进行下载https:///cn/products/premiere.html

其他网页下载

1、打开浏览器今日头条搜索3D溜溜网，进入官网

2、打开浏览器百度搜索3D溜溜网，进入官网，点击上面【···】三个点之后选择【软件插件】里的【羽兔网软件下载】

3、选择【常用软件】里的【视频制作】

4、向下滑，在下面找到PR2018版本的进行【软件下载】，里面还有其他版本，这里选择的是适配win7的。

PR窗口介绍

Premiere软件由菜单栏、常用工具栏、时间轴、侧边面板栏（组件窗口）组成。主工作区有素材（项目）管理窗口、素材预览窗口、视频监视器窗口、时间轴窗口、调音台窗口、调色窗口等。

菜单栏

菜单栏可以说是整个软件的功能导图，为软件中大多数功能提供了菜单入口，例如PR软件中的绝大多数功能在对应的菜单栏中都可以找到。

功能窗口切换区域:(组件、编辑、颜色、效果、音频、字幕、库......)

功能窗口切换区域是软件为剪辑、调色、音频、字幕等不同功能定义的界面布局方案。点击对应的功能，软件会自动切换到使用该功能时的界面布局。

源素材预览窗口

源窗口主要是为项目面板中素材(视频、音频、图片)提供实时预览，双击项目面板中的素材即可在源窗口中进行播放预览。

节目监视窗口

节目窗口主要用于监视时间线上剪辑的画面，可以实时播放。

项目面板

项目面板主要是用于项目及素材的管理，我们导入到软件中的素材及新建的序列、字幕等素材全部都存放在项目面板中。

时间线窗口

时间线窗口可以简单理解为剪辑工作台，我们对素材的剪辑工作全部都是在时间线面板中操作完成。时间线窗口又可分为视频轨道和音频轨道。

工具栏

工具栏集合了所有视频剪辑工具，当然有一些是辅助剪辑工具。

选择工具（快捷键：V）

顾名思义，它的作用就是用来选择东西的，不过在有的时候它也会变为其它的形状，作用也随之改变。

向前选择轨道工具（快捷键：A）

使用此工具可以选择该轨道上以后的所有素材，视音频链接在一起的则音频同时也被选中；按住Shift键可以变为多轨道选择工具，此时单头变为双头，即使是单独的声音（比如音效、音乐等）也会被同时选中。

波纹编辑工具（快捷键：B）

使用此工具可以改变一段素材的入点和出点，这段素材后面的会自动吸附上去，总长度发生改变。

剃刀工具（快捷键：C）

pr中导入素材之后，利用剃刀工具切割开视频，视频就分开为多段了，可以分别剪辑切割后的每一段视频，包括删除、添加效果等。

外滑工具（快捷键：U）

作用于一段素材，用来同时改变此段素材的入点和出点。

钢笔工具（快捷键：P）

这个工具和字幕中的钢笔工具是一样，主要用来绘制形状。选中此工具，在需要的位置点击一下确定起点，直接点其它位置可以绘制直线，而在点第二个点的同时按住鼠标不放并进行拖拽可以绘制曲线；它还有一个作用就是进行关键帧的选择。

手形工具（快捷键：H）

点击鼠标左键，在时间轴上拖动，移动时间轴上显示素材的位置。当程序监视器放大时。拖放程序监视器中的可移动显示区域以观察细节。

文字工具（快捷键：T）

文字工具即在画面中输入我们想要的文字。

效果面板

效果面板集合了很多视频和音频效果控件，对视频或者音频添加模糊及转场等效果时，需要在效果面板中找到对应的效果控件然后添加到时间线上的剪辑。

效果控件面板

效果控件面板是对已经添加到素材上的效果进行参数调节的窗口。

音轨混合器窗口

对音频进行声道和音量调节的窗口，当然也可以通过这个窗口进行现场录音。

PR剪辑教程

创建项目

首先新建项目，暂存盘里的地址栏跟项目一样就可以。

新建序列

新建序列，选择1080p25，点击确定，就建立了一个时间线。

一般的剪辑软件里边都有现成的预设，只要知道这个尺寸就行，高清格式选择1080P或者720P都行。

导入素材

在项目列表双击，找到我们的素材，按住shift一块儿导入，导入之后可以对素材进行分类，让我们可以看的更仔细一些。（养成一个好的分类习惯，有助于提高我们工程的有趣性和效率，以后打包工程的整理都非常的有好处）。

拖入时间线

素材分类好之后，把视频音频素材按住shift一起都拖拽到时间线里。

设置比例

发现视频素材的大小不一，我们调整视频整体比例大小。找到信息，看见比例为640*360，在我们新建的时候不是这个比例，我们在序列里进行更改设置为640*360，这样时间线就跟我们相匹配了。

编辑视频

导入素材之后，我们开始对视频进行剪辑。

添加效果

添加效果，让视频看起来更流畅。

添加字幕

添加结尾字幕。

导出

剪辑完成，导出成品。

PR导出格式一般用MOV、mp4、AVI等等。PR输出视频的时候，要求不一样，输出的格式的就不一样。因为没有统一的标准，要根据需求和目的才能定什么是合适的。

1、如果想输出文件后继续进行编辑，一般推荐输出MOV。

2、如果输出文件后直接就要观看，或传到视频网站。推荐输出H.264，即mp4。

3、如果输出文件给电视台标清播出，就输出AVI格式。

成品

下面这张是成品

这里用的是PR2018版本

PR基础快捷键

1、按i可以设置入点，O可以设置出点。

2、Shift+delete键可以删除视频同时，把视频之间的间隙去掉；Ctrl+Z撤销。

3、向前选择轨道工具（A）和链接选择项的结合使用可以删除选择点后面的视频和音频

4、向前选择轨道工具（A）和取消链接选择项的结合使用按shift键可单独删除视频，保留音频。

5、按Q键可删除剪辑的开始，按W键可删除剪辑的结尾，但是它们会从每个音轨中删除内容，如果有多层音轨，这个快捷键就不适用，可以通过锁定音频轨道来避免音频被删除。

6、按光标键→，按一下前进一帧，按Shift键+光标键，一下会前进5帧。

7、alt+拖动素材=复制

常用的快捷键如下：

注：如果自己不适应默认的快捷键可以在PR界面快捷键设置修改，步骤如下：

打开快捷键界面有两种方法：第一种方法，打开PR后，在菜单栏找到编辑选项下的快捷键菜单，单击后就会弹出设置界面。第二种方法，打开PR后，我们直接使用快捷键Ctrl+Alt+K后，也会弹出设置界面。

打开快捷键界面后在搜索框里我们直接输入想要添加的快捷键功能，然后在空白处单击鼠标，就会产生一个框，按下要设置的快捷键，最后点击确定保存设置，这样就快捷键就设置好了。

PR视频特效

添加滤镜

首先就是滤镜的位置是在左下角的【效果】选项里面，如下图箭头指向所示：

里面的滤镜很多，可以选择自己喜欢的滤镜进行使用，如下图箭头指向所示：

然后，我们直接将滤镜拖拽到素材身上就可以进行使用了，如下图箭头指向所示：

调整滤镜的内部可调节参数，素材的效果就能实时预览。点击前面的【FX】可以进行滤镜效果的开启以及关闭，如下图箭头指向所示：

效果里面，除了视频滤镜，还有音频滤镜以及各种转场可用，如下图箭头指向所示：

添加字幕

在工具栏，点击文字工具；

使用文字工具点击视频，在文字框中输入字幕，就添加字幕成功了。

视频的删减

导入完素材之后我们将素材拖到右边，便能对视频素材进行编辑了（点击播放按钮可预览）。接下来我们讲一下视频内容的删减。

比如说：我们觉得某一段内容不好，想把它删掉，那么该怎么办呢？在PR中我们有两种方法：

1、选择左侧工具栏的刻刀工具，在想要删去内容的两头进行点击，然后即可将商品分割成三段，可从中选择自己不想要的内容；

2、直接从末尾拖动即可（只能对开头或末尾内容进行删减）。

视频的倍速播放

视频的倍速播放在PR中很容易就能实现了：右键-速度/持续时间。选择速度（百分比，如200%就是两倍速） ，点击【倒放速度】就能倒放了。

音乐淡出效果

添加音乐的方法和添加视频的方法一样，导入以后拖动到右边就可以了。删减运用上述方法也是可以完成的。

音乐淡出的效果：

添加完音频后，拉开轨道，点击左下的小按钮，选择：轨道关键帧-音量；

选择：添加-移除关键帧按钮，在想要淡入、淡出的地方添加关键帧，即可对音量进行修改，完成淡入、淡出的效果；

如果你是第一次使用PR并且佩戴耳机的话，要到PR的【编辑】-【首选项】-【音频硬件】里的【默认输出】修改输出设备为：耳机。

音效增益

打开PR软件，将音频导入进去，拖到右下方的【时间轴】操作区；

右击鼠标，点击音轨，在出现的选项中点击【音频增益】；

在【音频增益】页面，选择【将增益设置为】；

输入合适的音频值，负数表示减少，完成后点击【确定】。

视频转场

首先打开电脑上的PR，打开项目文件后，选择右侧的【效果】面板，效果面板中有音频效果、音频过渡，视频效果、视频过渡；

鼠标点开【视频过渡】，其中有7类转场特效，我们这里点击进入【溶解】，选择【溶解】下的【交叉溶解】；

选择【交叉溶解】拖动到视频上，可以看到我们可以将转场放置到视频末尾，视频开头或两段视频中间，这里选择【视频中间】；

插入完成后我们双击此转场，进入【设置过渡持续时间】，拖动蓝色字体即可增加或减少时间。

成品：

%3Chowto_content%3E[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"is_abstract":true},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"Adobe Premiere是Adobe家族的一款剪辑软件，它给我的感觉就是入门快、功能强大，无论是对于新手还是专业人士，","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"PR","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"在大部分情况下都是很友好的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnnUr3YSjnT8yfxx1JfEA7Zb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"认识PR","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnR9osBfOEgCeh8vdA4Ct8Fh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"Pr全称Adobe Premiere，是Adobe公司开发的一款视频剪辑\u0026编辑软件。主要用于视频采集、视频剪辑、调色、添加字幕、编辑音频、渲染输出。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnfu2kKYWNcR9F9gXR89OfKc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"Premiere提供了采集、剪辑、调色、美化音频、字幕添加、输出、DVD刻录的一整套流程，并和其他Adobe软件高效集成，使用户足以完成在编辑、制作、工作流上遇到的所有挑战，满足用户创建高质量作品的要求。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGdxJRqeFSHIHkd0wQ1OdRh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"下载","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"PR","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"软件","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCA761mSEd5B7vAyPMd0VGf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"Adobe官网下载","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnzSSrQuvfKbJ7l1wKI5bu3b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"进入","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"Adobe官网","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"进行下载","id":""},{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"https:///cn/products/premiere.html"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"https:///cn/products/premiere.html","id":""}],"text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnwti8cvwC1haSG5SXQBwwRh"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":633,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"Adobe官网下载","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/9d270852cfd3458b936ab90537b1e349","width":1322},"text":"","id":"doxcnQe0om8qMyUuEwVGHMH7Iyg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"其他网页下载","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQ21XJ1g4bvctZoIXy7ejee"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、打开浏览器","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"今日头条","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"搜索","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"3D溜溜网","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"，进入官网","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnXaYcJyllKSUOisUga7XDwg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":600,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"其他网页下载","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/d8be2af01bec4bb69f3acbc8ce99408a","width":900},"text":"","id":"doxcnzI3dVQG57bgdfaQUMA04jQ"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"打开浏览器百度搜索3D溜溜网，进入官网，点击上面【","id":""},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"···","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"】三个点之后选择【软件插件】里的【羽兔网软件下载】","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnIVPCifz0IRzsBqiEjOfiIf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":600,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"其他网页下载","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/85faafd7f05746b0a6d9cce1d7834247","width":900},"text":"","id":"doxcnqZpvG9QFK35bzCrca5Dv2I"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、选择【常用软件】里的【视频制作】","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnzRohoZnbSkxA1A8Zk8b27e"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":600,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"其他网页下载","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/3373a35746ef45e1b0b226a760f4c9be","width":900},"text":"","id":"doxcn2OVEbs5EMbBygZUOujtPLb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"、","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"向下滑，在下面找到","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"PR","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"2018版本的进行【软件下载】，里面还有其他版本，这里选择的是适配win7的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCtQ1MsKtZgOu5E1P57TWNb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":542,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"其他网页下载","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/6983044869594773849c3ce504786e5e","width":884},"text":"","id":"doxcn4us8I4k0Sm8SgPZJfjoJKc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"PR窗口介绍","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn96P6ooUhkBHVMi4KpcrGbh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"Premiere软件由菜单栏、常用工具栏、时间轴、侧边面板栏（组件窗口）组成。主工作区有素材（项目）管理窗口、素材预览窗口、视频监视器窗口、时间轴窗口、调音台窗口、调色窗口等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCxCHkBbfrsDYRvzLAYfj3f"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":1017,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"PR窗口介绍","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/49745c347e82408589764ba9940e85d8","width":1920},"text":"","id":"doxcnPfVPkaL8cXxoC9iyybhMvg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"菜单栏","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnjGGp8htd1KmYO4wrdQHtHe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"菜单栏可以说是整个软件的功能导图，为软件中大多数功能提供了菜单入口，例如","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"PR","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"软件","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"中的绝大多数功能在对应的菜单栏中都可以找到。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngvQ04rFV59VIcbpf84JoDg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":600,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"菜单栏","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/62dc8dd4d8684ae5b33be7f1e4dea03c","width":900},"text":"","id":"doxcn9E6osoDW58yS9TGvBUA2de"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"功能窗口切换区域:(组件、编辑、颜色、效果、音频、字幕、库......)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnFy98LpdkaloJb0N5Zu5dRe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"功能窗口切换区域是软件为剪辑、调色、音频、字幕等不同功能定义的界面布局方案。点击对应的功能，软件会自动切换到使用该功能时的界面布局。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn5w4jrhGzO9gT01GJHYuf4A"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":600,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"功能窗口切换区域:(组件、编辑、颜色、效果、音频、字幕、库......)","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/8706e837975b414d9920a90c96d1646d","width":900},"text":"","id":"doxcnJ6mEm9RKbr3equYoIc04He"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"源素材预览窗口","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnO89UMHO3dwPheOMiS4VZ1c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"源窗口主要是为项目面板中素材(视频、音频、图片)提供实时预览，双击项目面板中的素材即可在源窗口中进行播放预览。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOhgjL2tJgFmTwxhUJSdmfg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":786,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"源素材预览窗口","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/364f0b1a0f4d4555a3bff77400f31494","width":1597},"text":"","id":"doxcneeeeeMaWaeo8wlkBBf96Nb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"节目监视窗口","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngMAyEuYQ66iKU9mYWytjEc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"节目窗口主要用于监视时间线上剪辑的画面，可以实时播放。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn9ceBAXnt86aWD826KpvfDg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":784,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"源素材预览窗口","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/fa30641738e74bdc8492dbe3fc1dc801","width":1600},"text":"","id":"doxcn6WYQCO2gMYc8DznazFhMiR"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"项目面板","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngxUAPJkZkUzHVVEHQjW2Lh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"项目面板主要是用于项目及素材的管理，我们导入到软件中的素材及新建的序列、字幕等素材全部都存放在项目面板中。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnASeSr9hL6bK3QktvtDCSMb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":600,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"项目面板","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/ef48d5cbe55843018f940dc4bf14381c","width":900},"text":"","id":"doxcnR6iRLwn0tmmG4URSVSVeLh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"时间线窗口","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnUtKP5LGP3KfVP6LBwW9WP9"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"时间线窗口可以简单理解为剪辑工作台，我们对素材的剪辑工作全部都是在时间线面板中操作完成。时间线窗口又可分为视频轨道和音频轨道。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnpdbxGr0rTK904Q9ULz27Cg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":380,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"时间线窗口","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/cca84ea27aa848118ec797323b0065a3","width":1256},"text":"","id":"doxcnyq2gNAr2xMIqhwhENWhxVe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"工具栏","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCfhsU1WYo6FqwJ5Q31VWSe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"工具栏","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"集合了所有视频剪辑工具，当然有一些是辅助剪辑工具。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcniQlwYEMO1YDYk9Qh8d8AQd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":532,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"工具栏","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/895dc44dad614719b721676de350e90b","width":809},"text":"","id":"doxcny4kMYakq00aou0bQ8yt4vf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"选择工具（快捷键：V）","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnICeCGuuEemYI4Ih4K7G5We"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"顾名思义，它的作用就是用来选择东西的，不过在有的时候它也会变为其它的形状，作用也随之改变。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGUgmawWwwMEkYByjBJaJac"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"向前选择轨道工具（快捷键：A）","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAm4uO2aUiYwEySS0caMSEc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"使用此工具可以选择该轨道上以后的所有素材，视音频链接在一起的则音频同时也被选中；按住Shift键可以变为多轨道选择工具，此时单头变为双头，即使是单独的声音（比如音效、音乐等）也会被同时选中。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncYeqIokoi6aW2lE5RngmAh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"波纹编辑工具（快捷键：B）","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnIqiKA0k8KauE9TFPpQzCkp"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"使用此工具可以改变一段素材的入点和出点，这段素材后面的会自动吸附上去，总长度发生改变。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnUyEi0McacUKSeSDseyEtGf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"剃刀工具（快捷键：C）","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGC6Oo6ocI0qA0Y7g4jhMUb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"pr中导入素材之后，利用剃刀工具切割开视频，视频就分开为多段了，可以分别剪辑切割后的每一段视频，包括删除、添加效果等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcneYsIMkoCq2e0YD18rVIRuc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"外滑工具（快捷键：U）","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqusYGYsqyaG8Ibe6MTuTqh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"作用于一段素材，用来同时改变此段素材的入点和出点。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnUsuKoWOoKikW4OewvCCyxd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"钢笔工具（快捷键：P）","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0AOYYIYSE68S4XK6NVuLf0"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"这个工具和字幕中的钢笔工具是一样，主要用来绘制形状。选中此工具，在需要的位置点击一下确定起点，直接点其它位置可以绘制直线，而在点第二个点的同时按住鼠标不放并进行拖拽可以绘制曲线；它还有一个作用就是进行关键帧的选择。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnsySecm4kW22YMx0RHszAag"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"手形工具（快捷键：H）","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnyeSuyU0qIeiOYrI27gWfrd"},{"type":"paragr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间线就跟我们相匹配了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4KIYjg1xM36XQmgGHykR3c"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":808,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"设置比例","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/16194733ec194743b4b6d619885d2a1d","width":1518},"text":"","id":"doxcnKUk2BYu4JstbqFdols79cb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"编辑视频","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCcsm4gI60wckb24kwmyWz4"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"导入素材之后，我们开始对视频进行剪辑。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncQyBiaEavZMZ0m2C005cmb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":826,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"编辑视频","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/9cdeb430e5fc4cf799877e60d346f3e5","width":1530},"text":"","id":"doxcnJvZVar1xWCDLDzQAdiffEd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"添加效果","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnoKMu424sGUSKWCsKZMnpWh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"添加效果，让视频看起来更流畅。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqMRavgMsQJUgdnA3PcYJ5b"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":806,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"添加效果","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/cab6ea6e6f2342aa951ff1e60427bc07","width":1514},"text":"","id":"doxcnNpK3tlTugMD6cqpAL8ocrg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"添加字幕","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnUWYyW6Sq4UUSwfRRDxV9Ef"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"添加结尾字幕。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcntoZlf63VbJrR7JHsvHqnYc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":812,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"添加字幕","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/5539c2e88a7e4df8aeb3e07344fb5d4e","width":1534},"text":"","id":"doxcnwK7GZc13stRLPYlZjAOXPf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"导出","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnaoGK6mE6qscUW0o4rxYm5f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"剪辑完成，导出成品。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnpvU2bBwgmLhAKSzXeWoA9c"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":828,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"导出","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/d6a4de757279418c80970a8dda31ef4c","width":1530},"text":"","id":"doxcnq9OeQTXIaqIG5FhluqlHUD"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"PR导出格式一般用MOV、mp4、AVI等等","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"。PR输出视频的时候，要求不一样，输出的格式的就不一样。因为没有统一的标准，要根据需求和目的才能定什么是合适的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8WUWW4Q0eoOAoiU3zHiipb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、如果想输出文件后继续进行编辑，一般推荐输出MOV。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnuacmSYEOuG0CQSl2C0Y0qb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、如果输出文件后直接就要观看，或传到视频网站。推荐输出H.264，即mp4。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncCOumAIkcS2Kon4eEwzPKb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、如果输出文件给电视台标清播出，就输出AVI格式。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2OiGGiWU0E2koz3Im8My3d"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"成品","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnikOQyOW066WI4HoGSoszMg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"下面这张是成品","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnnrlcxwJTKBYs8oNNf0tjhf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":230,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"成品","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/51eb05c25026403382e69a69026e3f7b","width":410},"text":"","id":"doxcndu3hxY8vMgwzvXhrog4sLh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"这里用的是","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"PR","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"2018版本","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnraknSYHmS9h9PBNzy1Ecrf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"PR","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"基础快捷键","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAOymG2QW6kOgew4XvrOBYd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、按i可以设置入点，O可以设置出点。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWMuG4kioCUs6gQDBPutVMv"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、Shift+delete键可以删除视频同时，把视频之间的间隙去掉；Ctrl+Z撤销。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOUUwCqSeA66oGI5CoBuWHf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、向前选择轨道工具（A）和链接选择项的结合使用可以删除选择点后面的视频和音频","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8QaSq4gmMwOyKO5n6TxBbg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、向前选择轨道工具（A）和取消链接选择项的结合使用按shift键可单独删除视频，保留音频。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcneKyMYoQeeu84KU2iYrjLbh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、按Q键可删除剪辑的开始，按W键可删除剪辑的结尾，但是它们会从每个音轨中删除内容，如果有多层音轨，这个快捷键就不适用，可以通过锁定音频轨道来避免音频被删除。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcneoqqGoAqemIkEq2qzcuYqb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"6、按光标键→，按一下前进一帧，按Shift键+光标键，一下会前进5帧。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKs6yOQIeAG4Ww11XowX1Pb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"7、alt+拖动素材=复制","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAEsAIS8ssciik3RT8Xb00g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"常用的快捷键如下：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0g0AaYCeM4KSmgSKkPjCCg"},{"type":"imageList","children":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":601,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"PR","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"基础快捷键","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/5ba572ebfa9742f592256ae6430ef6a5","width":901},"text":"","id":"doxcnM28y2m2AUYsSiyCX5SWQ8g"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":601,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"PR","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"基础快捷键","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/00b9e0f81a8a40fcb7b32d0f2fb96a9a","width":901},"text":"","id":"doxcnU6mK8cOMWw24GCG9yLRbch"}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0IoogSg4KmAiSwAUjCoB6c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"注：如果自己不适应默认的快捷键可以在","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"PR","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"界面快捷键设置修改，步骤如下：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0IoogSg4KmAiSwAUjCoB6c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"打开快捷键界面有两种方法：第一种方法，打开","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"PR","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"后，在菜单栏找到编辑选项下的快捷键菜单，单击后就会弹出设置界面。第二种方法，打开PR后，我们直接使用快捷键Ctrl+Alt+K后，也会弹出设置界面","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmE8gQEcESwcaOsVIb2KNyc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":1013,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"PR","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"基础快捷键","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/76cfde61296b4aeb9cec5d4c5a94512f","width":1889},"text":"","id":"doxcn8WU68WuCgegUw95zwxC74c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"打开快捷键界面后在搜索框里我们直接输入想要添加的快捷键功能，然后在空白处单击鼠标，就会产生一个框，按下要设置的快捷键，最后点击确定保存设置，这样就快捷键就设置好了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2sI2ays2C82CyY9ZEtLplh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"PR视频特效","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKss2WSMgGAyqglCfF5Ay5Y"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"添加滤镜","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngGyEQsy0oWYCSHLOLZhKq6"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"首先就是滤镜的位置是在左下角的【效果】选项里面，如下图箭头指向所示：","id":""}],"text":"","id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，点击","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"【","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"倒放速度】就能倒放了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2weOsSGGuy6CknqwtBPqjc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":1524,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"视频的倍速播放","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/48606e5677584670b5a9407862ee8b73","width":2712},"text":"","id":"doxcnuMO0Kqu6ieWgkp1OyVyZOe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"音乐淡出效果","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnquEaO6s8KUYK4s1P17lp5e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"添加音乐的方法和添加视频的方法一样，导入以后拖动到右边就可以了。删减运用上述方法也是可以完成的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqCsII4ek2WCUKuZYa4J2yc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"音乐淡出的效果：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCSiM8eeOkqMYYJJgdc3zpe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"添加完音频后，拉开轨道，点击左下的小按钮，选择：轨道关键帧-音量","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"；","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngkSgga8WCYAMsfvboStI1r"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":1651,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"音乐淡出效果","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/ef855225c95945fb8611422ba2888801","width":2736},"text":"","id":"doxcnqC82ga0ESE4geehPPuocqg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"选择：添加-移除关键帧按钮，在想要淡入、淡出的地方添加关键帧，即可对音量进行修改，完成淡入、淡出的效果","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"；","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnciWIMWggKMO4qmo0LWnz4e"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":560,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"音乐淡出效果","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/9d4b72504b4b405281e0782f973337a5","width":2537},"text":"","id":"doxcnCOGUaqgwcWQ6spzhqzcHXd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"如果你是第一次使用P","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"R","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"并且佩戴耳机的话，要到P","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"R","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"的","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"【","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"编辑】-【首选项】-【音频硬件】里的【默认输出】修改输出设备为：耳机。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmwk28QWC6gkykdjJcdeAKg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":1161,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"音乐淡出效果","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/5099d6563766454ea287c12b41eb0705","width":1521},"text":"","id":"doxcniye8EkyoG8EgUPidM1yTZM"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"音效增益","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqmosymc0OW0Yo5ZI26sCaf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"打开PR软件，将音频导入进去，拖到右下方的","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"【时间轴】","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"操作区","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"；","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcna802UygmWaEeEzpb4xHCSc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":600,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"音效增益","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/0a4cbe0d440e42afa5566c892d954f54","width":900},"text":"","id":"doxcnCgwKW6QCakeQ23k8cMiTmh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"右击鼠标，点击音轨，在出现的选项中点击","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"【音频增益】；","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2c0qiCKOeiI8oZ8bDy3EQg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":600,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"音效增益","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/5124f54cae5e4ebd99099e64c32a3101","width":900},"text":"","id":"doxcn2AMYac6qCIsYA52uYmmjDg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"【音频增益】","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"页面，选择","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"【将增益设置为】；","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOQIkQ8O86Qg4cxWF0amyZb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":600,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"音效增益","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/b864d26134b54a90861574547984795e","width":900},"text":"","id":"doxcnAOcIYsoeAWuWWSM57mLc1e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"输入合适的音频值，负数表示减少，完成后点击","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"【确定】","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCUAcWciGi2UeO8XAiLVBtc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":600,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"音效增益","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/e88ddb02e713448e81ff265d4f30838f","width":900},"text":"","id":"doxcn4UUYsyGwWiYA2CKYvb4gmb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"视频转场","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnG4sysssKueIQuQFvufWYgc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"首先打开电脑上的","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"PR","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"，打开项目文件后，选择右侧的【效果】面板，效果面板中有","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"音频效果、音频过渡，视频效果、视频过渡；","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmqwKcuQAwwW02ZoMGeRJfd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":600,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"视频转场","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/62da70f7f90940c8b611e9a8892b2cbc","width":900},"text":"","id":"doxcn4qiuQIqqUSCkeoVcRVlIoc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"鼠标点开【视频过渡】，其中有7类转场特效，我们这里点击进入","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"【溶解】，选择【溶解】下的【交叉溶解】","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"；","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnwM8K6A2siQKaugsk6Vb7Lc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":600,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"视频转场","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/e194612737c74984aafb20c40c87d59c","width":900},"text":"","id":"doxcn48oGWGW2ai6ACIwKKf4lOf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"选择【交叉溶解】拖动到视频上，可以看到我们可以将转场放置到视频末尾，视频开头或两段视频中间，这里选择【视频中间】；","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcno6ec4cC6owsAVXKytUtaBW"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":600,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"视频转场","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/ed3415b840774ab2bdbb253cd7fc6f68","width":900},"text":"","id":"doxcnCaoocAM8q4uoEt2HiFTZId"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"插入完成后我们双击此转场，进入【设置过渡持续时间】，拖动蓝色字体即可增加或减少时间。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSsi4oUGWcoOCYDAouBTKkc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":600,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"视频转场","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/09220951e79a41dc92d82e7d4e82c1de","width":900},"text":"","id":"doxcn6mg2WQOg0uy2K0PegxzHwh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"成品：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnI8oosUKcm8iSWyYQYc4JIe"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":598,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"视频转场","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/889c3c03fba94f388d263fcff4e7b44f","width":898},"text":"","id":"doxcnMQa8QmoWa6IOQbFSZaTPtc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAMa8S486maiWEH5jMoxgne"}]%3C%2Fhowto_content%3E

8. 哈弗h3前保险杠安装视频

素描是一切绘画的基础，这是研究绘画艺术所必须经过的一个阶段。狭义上专指用于学习美术技巧、探索造型规律、培养专业习惯的绘画训练过程。

如何选择工具

素描是一种正式的艺术创作，以单色线条来表现直观世界中的事物，不同的笔触营造出不同的线条及横切关系和节奏、主动与被动的周围环境、平面、体积、色调、及质感。不同的作品则需要不同的工具语言来表述，才能更加体现画面的效果，作品才能成功。

干笔适宜作清晰的线条，水笔宜于表现平面;精美的笔触可用毛笔挥洒，而广阔的田野则可用铅笔或粉笔去勾勒。炭笔是两者都可兼用的。对工具的理解是完成好一幅作品的首要条件。

笔

铅笔

美术铅笔的铅芯有不同等级的软硬区别，硬的以"H"为代表，如：1H、2H、3H、4H等，前边数字越大，硬度越强，即色度越淡；软的以"B"为代表，如：1B、2B、3B、4B、5B、6B等，数字越大软度越强，色度越黑;学生用铅笔一般是HB形，软硬适中。对于初学绘画的可从HB到4B中选择三种类型就可以了。

推荐

辉柏嘉、施德楼、三菱、中华、马可、凯兰帝、老人头、得韵、马利、马培德

炭笔

炭笔的用法和铅笔相似，炭笔的色泽深黑，有较强的表现能力，是画素描的理想工具，用于画人物肖像尤佳，但画重了很难擦掉。

推荐

1、马利、MARCO/马可、库尔贝、高尔乐、中华、奥文、得韵Derwent、老人头、卢浮宫、德福龙

木炭条

木炭条是用树枝烧制而成，色泽较黑，质地松散，附着力较差，画完成后需喷固定液，否则极易掉色破坏效果。

推荐

米娅（MIYA）、马利（Marie's）、蒙玛特（Mont Marte）、青竹画材（CHINJOO）、尼奥尼（NYONI）、海特（Hite）、高尔乐（Kuelox）、卫庄、老人头（lotory）、睿识

炭精棒

炭精棒常见的有黑色和赭石色两种，质地较木炭条硬，附着力较强，可用可不用固定液。

推荐

海特索斯

纸

画素描通常在专用的素描纸上进行，选用素描纸时要注意纸质坚实、平整、耐磨、纹理细腻、不毛不皱、易于修改，如素描纸、铅画纸。太粗、太薄、太光滑的纸都不适合铅笔画素描。初学者使用的纸张大小以8开或4开为宜，16开大小的铜版纸和复印纸，则适合用钢笔、圆珠笔画素描。

素描纸的表面有明显的纹理，这样铅笔上色才会比较容易，另外，背面的纹理也不一样，背面的纹理要比正面纹理弱，所以应该在纸张的正面绘画。

辅助工具

画架

用来放置素描纸的架子。

画夹

宽边的大铁夹可用在画板上固定纸张。

胶带

胶带也是不错的固定纸张的工具，因为胶带宽度均匀，画完后将胶带去除会留下一条好看的白边

宽笔刷

用起来超级方便的清扫工具，画面上的橡皮屑较多的时候，用它清除就不会弄花画了。

铅笔延长器

铅笔用短了之后都会很苦恼，用的时候不方便，扔了又觉得可惜。将笔的一头放入延长器中，画笔瞬间就变长了。是非常不错的节省工具。

绘画常识

想要学素描，必须要了解一些知识，具体的如下几个方面：

一点透视

最常用到的就是一点透视，因为一点透视只有一个消失点（灭点）所以也叫：平行透视。

凡大小相等的物体愈远，其形愈小，以至于最后消失于一点，这点称为消失点。根据消失点的不同位置，能观察到的面也不同。当消失点在物体外侧时，可看到2个面，在物体上方时能看到3个面，在物体内侧时只能看到一个，如果物体正面是空的，则看到的是物体的内部结构。

不论画什么物体都可以归纳、概括在一个立方体或者多个立方体中，只要有一个面是与画面平行的，就可以利用一点透视（平行透视）来作画。一点透视合适画小的物体，透视变化不大，但是画的时候一定要体现出来。

站在宽广的平地上向前看，远方天地的交界线，称为地平线，地平线是处理透视图形的重要依据。平视时地平线和视平线重合，地平线就是视平线；俯视时，地平线在视平线的上方。

位置在画者右方的景物，看见它的左侧。位置在画者左方的景物，看见它的右侧。

凡在视平线以上的景物，愈远在画纸上的位置愈低。视平线以下的景物，愈远在画纸上的位置愈高。

有了以上这些绘画透视知识如果掌握并且运用到绘画中就不会在画中犯常识性的错误，而且构图会合理，符合视觉欣赏的美感。

两点透视

物体有一组垂直线与画面平行，其他两组线均与画面成一定角度，而每组有一个消失点，共有两个消失点，称为两点透视。

两点透视（成交透视）

两点透视图画面效果比较自由、活泼，能比较真实地反映空间，可以反映建筑物的正侧两面，容易表现出体积感。另外，两点透视加上较强的明暗对比，物体体感会更强。

认识明暗

明暗产生的原因：有光源(不论是自然光源、人工光源)照射，才会产生明暗；光源直射处（向光）是明亮部，照射不到之处（背光）是黑暗部，反射光所形成的是中间灰色部分。没有光，我们的眼睛将看不到任何东西。

利用铅笔表现明暗的方法:

铅笔直立地以尖端来画时，画出来的线较明了而坚实；铅笔斜侧起来以尖端的腹部来画时，笔触及线条都比较模糊而柔弱，笔触的方向要整理才不致混乱。

铅笔画使用橡皮擦注意事项:

初学画一笔不满意时，就马上用橡皮擦去了，第二次画得不对时又再擦去，这是最不好的习惯。一则容易伤害画纸使纸张留下疤痕，再则画时就越画越无把握了，所以应极力避免。

当第一笔画不对时，尽可再画上第二笔，如此画时就有一个标准，容易改正，等浓淡明暗一切都画好之后，再把不用之处的铅笔线，用橡皮轻轻擦去，这样整幅画面就清楚可爱多了。

画面上的线痕通常到最后都会被暗的部份遮没了，把露出的部份擦去较为省力。同时不用的线痕，往往无形中成为主体的衬托物，所以不擦去无害于画面，有时反而收到无形的效果，这是我们不可不注意的地方。

空间感

在绘画中依照几何透视和空间透视的原理，描绘出物体之间的远近、层次、穿插等关系，使之在平面的绘画上传达出有深度的立体的空间感觉。

前面的物体不要画到后面去了也不要把后面的物体画到前面了，合理的安排他们的位置。让整个画面有一个前大后小，前实后虚。上实下虛的空间效果。总之就是画面的层次感明确。

入门

画素描之前要充分做好各种线条的练习，还要做线条的由浅入深、由深到浅的成组练习。经过构图、轮廓、大形深入刻画到整体调整等不同的作画环节，这个作画的过程体现从整体到局部到整体的观察过程。如果没有这种正确的作画程序，就不能保证画面的准确、深入与完整。

素描步骤

画前要观察研究物体的基本形状，看它的受光方向，结构造型，形成的立体效果，然后用直线勾出它的大体轮廓，再依照光源，确定物体的受光（淡面）、侧光（灰面）、遮光（深面）三大部分。最后在这些面与面之间加上衔接的层次，使它自然、圆润起来，直到表现出质感为止。 素描画好后要对描绘的物体进行统筹和完善加工。

https:///video/BV1mE41167Vm/?p=1&vd_source=6b26da26630111503906a454dabeb61d这个视频讲的是受光的技巧，比较浅显易懂，有助于进一步理解。

构图

构图是每一个学习绘画的人所必须要掌握的一项基本能力，从美得感受出发，让观赏者感受到美、舒服。各部份的一种配置法，依照经过设计的格式，一致的比例，或重复的体系去安排。一般情况下在绘画中构图讲究天小地大、左右均衡；各物体大小适中，整体完整，不可过小，亦不可过大。

五种方法

1、三角形构图，素描静物中最常用到的。

三角形构图是最常见的和最稳定的构图形式，静物分成三组放在三个顶点上。此类构图画面稳定、主体突出、层次明确、错落有致，适合静物数量较少的组合。

三角形的三条边是由不同方向的直线合拢而成，而不同的线条组成不同形式的三角形，产生不同的趋势和变化。如果你坐在静物正面中间位置，可能会更多采用三角形构图。

2、C形构图

“C”形构图，画面动感程度优于其他形式的构图。

这种构图方式使画面具有流动性，更容易表现较大空问的静物组合。“C”形有三个点，主体物往往在中间点的位置.前面的点往往是第一次要物体的摆放位置，最后面的点帮助你加强画而空间层次的推移。

3、S形构图

"S”具有曲线的优点，优美而富有活力和韵味，所以“S“形构图给人一种美的享受，而且画面显得生动、活泼。读者的视线随着"S”形向纵深移动，可有力地表现其场景的空间感和深度感。在 "S”形构图中，通常会缩短 "S”的上部，拉长 "S”的下部，以形成“上紧下松”的构图关系。

4、圆形构图

圆形构图就是让静物在画面中围成一个圆圈。圆形构图在视觉上给人以旋转、运动和收缩的审美效果。

当圆形被拉长时，就会变成椭圆形。椭圆形构图大都采用宽大于高的横幅形式，它不仅有静态效果，也会产生动态效果，同时还具有较为明显的整体感。

5、水平式构图

水平式构图的物体不能放在画面正中，应当处于一个偏上或者偏下的位置。水平式构图纵向上的空间层次较少，为了让画面丰富，各个物体要在形状、大小、高矮颜色等因素上形成对比，使画面安定、平和，可以增强画面的稳定感。同时还要安排好位置，形成前后的空间层次。

文字讲解不能很直观地展现，可配合视频讲解，进一步理解怎么构图https:///video/BV14x411R75w/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click&vd_source=6b26da26630111503906a454dabeb61d

轮廓

素描轮廓线是指物体外部和内部形状对线条，描述前进或后退的形状之变化方面的一条断续线或连续线。也指物体对形，没有轮廓线就没有"形” 。

一般来说轮廓包括外轮廓和内轮廓，两者相互依存，就是说外轮廓画错了，内轮廓也必然跟着错，内轮廓错了也会影响外轮廓的准确。在实践中存在的问题是容易把二者分开来观察，分开来画，分开来检查，必须两者结合起来观察并结合起来画才对。要知道轮廓绝非指简单的物体的外框，要内外兼顾方可画准。

轮廓就是形状，画画的第一步是画形状。形状图对了，就顺利了。越画越难受。勾勒轮廓的暗部可以简单处理，勾勒轮廓的同时可以详细画明面。由于形状的透视变化，尤其是轮廓，一分钟宽度等于几英寸宽度，因为边缘是立体形状。当一个同样宽度的面转向后方时，面的长度会越来越窄，直至消失。

如果外轮廓和内轮廓的基本比例和位置不正确，包含所有细节的形状也会是错误的。所以大纲的确定要严格、严格、细致。 严谨谨慎不是要求你谨小慎微，而是要求你胆大心细。只有大胆细致的书写，勾勒出轮廓，才能知道这幅画的对错。我们要敢于肯定，也要敢于否定和纠正错误。

要想画出正确的轮廓，必须对物体的形象有正确的认识和观察。观察轮廓也是专业训练不可缺少的阶段。一种不仔细观察研究对象，就无法在反复修正的过程中提高识别能力，也无法培养敏锐的视力，理解简单形式的复杂性。

进一步学习可以观看视频讲解，可巩固一些知识点https:///video/BV1MT4y1R7ZT/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click&vd_source=6b26da26630111503906a454dabeb61d

排线

排线是素描最基本的语言元素，在素描中丰富的色调变化是经过许多次的线条叠加而形成的，这其中线条的走向与角度尤其需要注意。画好素描排线就要有一个正确的握笔姿势。

正确的握笔姿势，可以分为两种：持棒式和握笔式

持棒式：

用拇指、食指和中指，三指拿笔与手掌下，如上图，中指起到辅助作用。用拇指左右摆动，在画面形成规则的接近平行的一排线。在用持棒式方法的时候，笔和画面大约在35度角左右就差不多，手和手腕不要接触画面，如果难掌握，可以用小指做支撑点，也可以用手腕自然的上下画出线条。

握笔式：

这种方法就是平时的写字姿势，如上图，这种的握笔方法可以用在面积小的暗面，或者在单体塑造的时候，这种方法用的很多，不像持棒式是在面积大，握笔式很容易掌握，就像写字一样画线条。

若干组排线最好不要沿同一方向展开，因为沿同一方向或缺乏方向变化的十字形(夹直角)都将导致画面出现板滞和类似平涂的光赋效果。

用一组组的线排开，颜色深浅不同，表现出明暗关系。当我们画苹果时，在背光处铺出一组调子，就是画的暗面。

线只是用来表现明暗变化，以此来塑造物体体积，表现空间的一种手段。无论怎么排线，只要画出效果就可以，不拘泥于各种形式。各种线的画法会产生不同的效果，所以在画不同的画时我们可以用不同的排线方法。

苹果的画法视频已经讲了很多，感兴趣可以看看https:///video/BV1ct411Q7RE/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click&vd_source=6b26da26630111503906a454dabeb61d

控制明暗的逐渐变化以创造实体形式的错觉效果，使物体有三度空间的特质。在深面与灰面上先铺上一片均匀的线条，使受光面暂时空出，这样就是用大块大面来表现物体，然后将各个块面中细部，也同样依照受光、侧光、遮光分成小块、小面来处理。还要注意小块、小面的明暗，使它们服从大面的统一调子，而大面又必须服从于整体。https:///video/BV1Zh41147Dk/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click&vd_source=6b26da26630111503906a454dabeb61d这个视频讲的是五种线条的画法，实践与理论相结合。

深度学习

速写

速写一般不拘泥于局部的形似，而常以形写神，表达方式简练，对专业创作、设计草图和快速表现都有积极的意义。速写的高度提炼与时间较长、较深入地练习是相辅相成互相促进的，速写画得多，在复杂的素描写生开始阶段也会更快地把握构图和造型。

以素描作画相对的时间为依据，短至数分钟长则半小时左右都可算是速写，因速写的基本特征是简练而快速地写生，因此是画者的第一印象。

对结构理解的深入扎实的素描基本功，在速写中也会体现出来。经常大量的速写训练，可以最有效地培养敏锐的观察力和艺术的概括能力，以及提高快速高效的表现技能。

速写是一种非常便捷的素描方式，其常见题材有风景速写、人物速写、动物速写等。

构图

构图的重要性，大家都知道，单个动作的构图比较简单，原则上宁上勿下。动作朝左，构图偏右即可。双人组合要注意两个动作的主次对比和相互谐调，首先比例要一致，站立的动作和坐着的动作一样高是不行的。场景组合难度较大，透视是最需要注意的，前大后小的原理一定牢记。

人物

人体躯干在衣服的包裹下，无论是厚衣服还是薄衣服，都是紧贴人体的躯干形体。

从衣领开始描绘，形体外轮廓与运动所产生的褶皱相结合刻画。注意海条线条的粗细、深浅、长短变化。

紧接上一步，调整画面的素描关系，可以上一些调子来拉开画面的关系，注意调子的轻重。

注意构图，比例，动态块的侧锋勾画出对象的大体形块。起形要概括，快速，不要在意那么多细节。

可以先把头部深入出来，然后再推出全身。但是要注意五官要画得精致准确，做到一气呵成，不然容易影响后面。

较常用的步骤：五官虚带，定出位置和大小，快速把整个人物画出，抓住大的框架形状和此较明显的穿插关系。先深入五官,手脚与其他最后深入。优点：即使画面随时停下也可以保持画面完整。不会有没有画完的感觉。难点：要整体观察把握，对于穿插比较理解。

坐姿一般选在正侧和四分之三角度比较容易表现，要注意人物的整体动态走势与整个人的比例关系，不要把上短和把腿画的过长。

快速勾出整个人的框架形（如头、胸腔、胯部、四肢，手脚）要肯定整体，可以略带穿插关系，不需要画多。时刻整体地去观察，不能陷入局部。

完善细节：画出头手脚具体形象,并增加灰层次，同时调整衣纹关系，加入裁剪线等装饰。

深入画面：用侧锋带出灰面，增加胸腔，盆腔,四肢的体积感。调整画面主次关系,注意前后胳膊,腿的强弱关系。

默写

默写是脱离了写生对象，完全凭着自己的记忆和理解来把握画面的，在素描的学习中适当地配合默写训练，有助于增强视觉形象的记忆能力，同时又可以训练对画面图形的创造性思维和表现能力，有利于加深写生中对素描知识的理解。其实默写和速写也有着密切的关系，在速写中不可能看一眼画一笔，很多是靠对写生对象的理解和记忆来完成的。

掌握头部解剖

在没有模特或具体的作画对象时，画者只能通过记忆或平时头像写生的经验来完成对头像的默写。内外部形体结构的把握能力，以及对素描技法的合理运用和表现能力。在平时的训练中要着重理解头部骨骼的构造、熟悉头骨各部位的名称及正确位置，做到没有参照对象也熊熟练正确地画出头部各部位的位實及解剖关系。

头像写生训练

平时要积累大量的人物头像写生的作画经验，在人物头像写生训练中，要有针对性地选择写生对象。如选择考试中经常出现的男青年或女青年模特进行写生训练，也适当选择一些老年模特写生，有备无患。

临摹加强记忆

临摹是学习头像写生的最好办法，也是提高素描头像造型能力的有效途径之一。通过临摹，学习他人的经验和技法，真切地体会画者的感受和意图，领会作品的精神所在。这样既节省时间又事半功倍。临摹还能提高眼睛的准确观察力及眼与手的配合能力。

静物作画技巧

素描所表达的是形体与空间不外乎黑、白、灰三字，一幅素描起码应该具备三个方面的成功：一是形体结构准确，二是黑、白、灰大层次分明，三是中心焦点突出。

中心焦点是有视觉习惯形成的，所谓焦点，在客观上应该是在结构中最有特征、又最能展示形体与空间部位的。常位于画幅前景接近中心的部位，是中心也是重心。画素描就应有点偏心，如果平均用力不仅破坏了整体感，也违背了视觉的真实。

轮廓线（包括一些局部轮廓线）只是物体的某些面在转移时被缩小了形象，用轮廓线来认识世界不应是初习素描者的课题，而先要学习用立体的观念来研究世界。

这条线的表现力是不容忽视的，因为物体表面有丰富的起伏向纵深转折时又与空间组成各种关系，它时浓时淡，宽窄虚实，变化无穷，不单单只是一条“线”。

第一是结构，第二才是光，黑白则是它的附属物。大家要学会借助黑白来认识形体结构，但有时黑白也会歪曲形体结构的原来面貌。

画素描就是找区别，大区别就是“大关系”，凡是大关系都具有整体性的分量，它容纳并制约着所有局部，因而它是最重要的。小区别就是“小关系”，就是指处于同一色调中的轻微差异。相对于整体来说，它们只能被称之为“局部”。它们以一定的比例或层次关系组织起来并充实着整体。

没有局部，“整体”便是空的，而如果没有整体的制约，“局部”就成为散乱无序，所以它们是相辅相成辨证统一的。

结构的透视变形色调的黑白相称，对边线的虚实处理，三者共同担负着表现空间与体积的任务。

线和线条技法

素描的要素是线，但是线在实质上却是不存在的，它只代表物体、颜色和平面的边界，用来作为物体的幻觉表现。直到近代，线才被人们认为是形式的自发要素，并且独立于被描绘的物体之外。用线条来组成物体的形象，并且描绘于平面之上，藉由线条形式引起观者的联想。

例如两条线相交所构成的角形，可以被认为是某平面的边界；另外加上第三条线可以在画面上造成立体感。弧形的线条可以象征拱顶，交会聚集的线条可表现深度。人们可以从线条的变化当中，得到可以领会的形象。

用线条区分立体与平面，至于色彩明暗是为了加强和厘清整体与部分的关系。运用线条的开始，消失和中断来画出边界，并且形成平面，也可使色彩至边界而上。

线条的粗细能表现物体的变化，甚至光和影也可用线条的笔触变化表现出来，还需要平面技法的辅助。平面技法在使用炭粉笔时，在明暗对照上可用擦笔法。素描也可用多色画笔作为基本材料，用来加强素描效果以及素描的艺术性。

素描的要素是线，但是线在实质上却是不存在的，它只代表物体、颜色和平面的边界，用来作为物体的幻觉表现。直到近代，线才被人们认为是形式的自发要素，并且独立于被描绘的物体之外。

透过线条手段，单纯的轮廓勾勒可以发展成精致的素描，这个视频讲的比较清楚https://haokan.baidu.com/v?pd=wisenatural&vid=2187580955371434233

用线条来组成物体的形象

两条线相交所构成的角形，可以被认为是某平面的边界；另外加上第三条线可以在画面上造成立体感。弧形的线条可以象征拱顶，交会聚集的线条可表现深度。透过线条的手段，单纯的轮廓勾勒可以发展成精致的素描。

用线条区分立体与平面

在素描中可以用线条区分立体与平面，至于色彩明暗是为了加强和分清整体与部分的关系。运用线条的开始，消失和中断来画出边界，并且形成平面，也可使色彩至边界而上。线条的粗细能表现物体的变化，甚至光和影也可用线条的笔触变化表现出来。

平面技法的辅助

素描的线条技法还需要平面技法的辅助。平面技法在使用炭粉笔时，在明暗对照上可用擦笔法。

毛笔画法的使用

更重要的是使用毛笔画法，因为毛笔能发挥笔触的宽度和笔调的强度并且能增加空间感和立体感。

艺术性的加强

素描也可用多色画笔作为基本材料，用来加强素描效果以及素描的艺术性。

明暗

明暗交界线是素描中灰面与暗面的交界，虽然名字是明暗交界“线”，但是它是由“面”组成的，由于光线以及静物本身形体的变化，明暗交界线也会有非常丰富的变化。

有一些静物因为形体会有很多明暗交界线，所以我们找到这些明暗交界线之后统一暗部，然后这些明暗交界线的色调也要做一个区分，靠近光源的颜色稍微要亮一些。

结合视频讲解可以明白明暗的运用手法https:///video/BV14m4y1978u/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click&vd_source=6b26da26630111503906a454dabeb61d

推荐书籍

《素描风暴》

《素描的诀窍》

《像艺术家一样思考》

《伯里曼人体结构绘画教学》

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Marte）、青竹画材（CHINJOO）、尼奥尼（NYONI）、海特（Hite）、高尔乐（Kuelox）、卫庄、老人头（lotory）、睿识","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BeYsd44eYoqm2ixCWLkckt7Hnjh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"炭精棒","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FsCWdWWE8oceKCxa2VWc8GFCnud"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"炭精棒常见的有黑色和赭石色两种，质地较木炭条硬，附着力较强，可用可不用固定液。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VScSd4CCuoQaIkxPWdpcnF3xngv"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":519,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"炭精棒","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/94651b89ef034352a732711bb9a7e66b","width":493},"text":"","id":"S864dSwMWoWiiwxGULncMzBEnRh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"推荐","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RIa6dU0o2o0W2AxEnhscQYSbn1e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"海特索斯","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Pcq2dC0C2o4Y8IxqKoacHPHAnNh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"纸","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KOIudGsuqoUMmSxMlYqcQJg2nJd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"画素描通常在专用的素描纸上进行，选用素描纸时要注意纸质坚实、平整、耐磨、纹理细腻、不毛不皱、易于修改，如素描纸、铅画纸。太粗、太薄、太光滑的纸都不适合铅笔画素描。初学者使用的纸张大小以8开或4开为宜，16开大小的铜版纸和复印纸，则适合用钢笔、圆珠笔画素描。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AaIedcMCEoyGcexYdKPcBjkinMb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":618,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"纸","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/5cdd242676eb49eab57e63ae38c633aa","width":756},"text":"","id":"HigAdcwK2oSKkix6OhVcFAsMn0g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"素描纸的表面有明显的纹理，这样铅笔上色才会比较容易，另外，背面的纹理也不一样，背面的纹理要比正面纹理弱，所以应该在纸张的正面绘画。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"R6eKdI80GoymiyxmwuEcXO5BnYf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"辅助工具","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BEGqd4megoGeiox6Z9Kci82UnWd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"画架","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XKoKdQgokoI8muxu4tGcezJZnHh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"用来放置素描纸的架子。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZwkSdySC0oQm6CxWC6Ccf2BnnFg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":494,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"画架","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/6ef98758bfe348df8d008f8fdaf7efaa","width":527},"text":"","id":"NO8idemqWoAYqUxfZnWcSPHMnd2"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"画夹","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BKwCduUqioMGuAxq86gc2sZTnxg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"宽边的大铁夹可用在画板上固定纸张。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XIw8dUgUiogKeQxwl0tcsb5tnNd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":306,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"画夹","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/26a1c9377b6c42df9629880fe2eaa784","width":431},"text":"","id":"Jmq4dWsYeoEWEcxKm1ac48fAn4b"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"胶带","id":""}],"text":"","id":"K0qsdUUa0ogwsIx4N5gclbMgnmh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"胶带也是不错的固定纸张的工具，因为胶带宽度均匀，画完后将胶带去除会留下一条好看的白边","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RYOYdy2aGoysC2xGSj0cL3TDnub"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":502,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"胶带","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/bdf8465d2fef4fa09339058e956d479b","width":640},"text":"","id":"RogqdQuaOo8CeCxoTzxc32W3nyd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"宽笔刷","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Pi8SdKOSYomEEyxi8wZcY5dznyf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"用起来超级方便的清扫工具，画面上的橡皮屑较多的时候，用它清除就不会弄花画了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YYe2deOe4oW2ICxk5KPcDzaEnFe"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":177,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"宽笔刷","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/f14e067e832c4531a9b474ed49afbff0","width":422},"text":"","id":"CaY2dSW4ioO44ixOuo3cS4j6n3g"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"铅笔延长器","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NmcMdYU4eo4QaMxKgkCc9uJrnIe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"铅笔用短了之后都会很苦恼，用的时候不方便，扔了又觉得可惜。将笔的一头放入延长器中，画笔瞬间就变长了。是非常不错的节省工具。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IsuAdkySEoU4kWx4ALQcdzTgnbe"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":558,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"铅笔延长器","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/e729a7fffe8449c4a5562b048af02ab2","width":580},"text":"","id":"VooUd0oiMo88Yux2frpcLqPbnUe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"绘画常识","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TY26dSsayoC8O4x4LmWcOcJAnwh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"想要学素描，必须要了解一些知识，具体的如下","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"几个方面","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RyYmdaSGIogUAIx0KdLcW3ljnvc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"一点透视","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GyCmdomq6oo4iYxiMrkcZrAznah"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"最常用到的就是一点透视，因为一点透视只有一个消失点（灭点）所以也叫：平行透视。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ig8Cdu88KoYImexyYAJc4ASYnPb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"凡大小相等的物体愈远，其形愈小，以至于最后消失于一点，这点称为消失点。根据消失点的不同位置，能观察到的面也不同。当消失点在物体外侧时，可看到2个面，在物体上方时能看到3个面，在物体内侧时只能看到一个，如果物体正面是空的，则看到的是物体的内部结构。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Z8OOd68CKo4S8Kxes2dcjLtXn0c"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":243,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"一点透视","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/ae757ae854cb4e8395ceb24d81a519ff","width":640},"text":"","id":"JgwAdMcEQosG8axMNEGcXvSpn5b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"不论画什么物体都可以归纳、概括在一个立方体或者多个立方体中，只要有一个面是与画面平行的，就可以利用一点透视（平行透视）来作画。一点透视合适画小的物体，透视变化不大，但是画的时候一定要体现出来。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UiUgdy0W0o08g8xUDnVc3uAxnGc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":322,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"一点透视","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/15e01a6d0261436baed631ea1cf279b5","width":550},"text":"","id":"EoOqdWCOcoMoYKxg2ductG8fndR"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"站在宽广的平地上向前看，远方天地的交界线，称为地平线，地平线是处理透视图形的重要依据。平视时地平线和视平线重合，地平线就是视平线；俯视时，地平线在视平线的上方。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZassdUYqaoyWkQxYfmQc3CsSn8e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"位置在画者右方的景物，看见它的左侧。位置在画者左方的景物，看见它的右侧。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DOkSdGs6go0qY6xodNRcbXPynOb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"凡在视平线以上的景物，愈远在画纸上的位置愈低。视平线以下的景物，愈远在画纸上的位置愈高。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TaqedeiMKoC6Caxo15Dc2D2onqd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"有了以上这些绘画透视知识如果掌握并且运用到绘画中就不会在画中犯常识性的错误，而且构图会合理，符合视觉欣赏的美感。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EeI2dWwW0o064oxkLWfcN5Gkngd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":676,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"一点透视","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/3c7e1a9fc4fc4321808997786ce1e582","width":726},"text":"","id":"UAGSdOgoqoCKgCx2fhFcYVeenBd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"两点透视","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LAuSdEIseoOK6Ixg3Agcedpwnoh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"物体有一组垂直线与画面平行，其他两组线均与画面成一定角度，而每组有一个消失点，共有两个消失点，称为两点透视。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CSyud0gIyoUuO2xeYORcnWdznde"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"两点透视（成交透视）","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IWyAdyIoKocAyExQV7XcmMIxn8f"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":250,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"两点透视","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/d8df8580eb464ca882e696e2fb7b8c84","width":690},"text":"","id":"NkcCdyCGgoOwY8x0GH3cowiknqd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZQCOdUo22oIA0Sx4ee3c5Q2UnYb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"两点透视图画面效果比较自由、活泼，能比较真实地反映空间，可以反映建筑物的正侧两面，容易表现出体积感。另外，两点透视加上较强的明暗对比，物体体感会更强。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KmQcdKmOyogEwexecwzcVw86n1f"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":358,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"两点透视","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/1710906bb838478a81867239fdac3212","width":500},"text":"","id":"M4Mkd48cQo6acoxWS0NcV29GnUf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"认识明暗","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NQWcdgoaCouy68xW6pPcXPhmnVh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"明暗产生的原因：有光源(不论是自然光源、人工光源)照射，才会产生明暗；光源直射处（向光）是明亮部，照射不到之处（背光）是黑暗部，反射光所形成的是中间灰色部分。没有光，我们的眼睛将看不到任何东西。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"B8W0dUosOo0Iq2x0SCOcf1Xqntc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":542,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"认识明暗","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/8675ebfaf5d14cfba70c5a9b6ee5d11a","width":418},"text":"","id":"DS0OdKwi4oug0CxWGugcKAlCnAe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"利用铅笔表现明暗的方法:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Gse6dOiYuoEka6x2V6OcIhfynWc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"铅笔直立地以尖端来画时，画出来的线较明了而坚实；铅笔斜侧起来以尖端的腹部来画时，笔触及线条都比较模糊而柔弱，笔触的方向要整理才不致混乱。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RQMuduWGAoA26qxWaSMcSblKnug"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"铅笔画使用橡皮擦注意事项:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NeY0d2OwMoCK2Gx0CxVcluOonne"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"初学画一笔不满意时，就马上用橡皮擦去了，第二次画得不对时又再擦去，这是最不好的习惯。一则容易伤害画纸使纸张留下疤痕，再则画时就越画越无把握了，所以应极力避免。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IW6ydaWeGomsoyx2VfccPFZKnBb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"当第一笔画不对时，尽可再画上第二笔，如此画时就有一个标准，容易改正，等浓淡明暗一切都画好之后，再把不用之处的铅笔线，用橡皮轻轻擦去，这样整幅画面就清楚可爱多了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AqUKd4usAouMuqx6joBcmQB1n6b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"画面上的线痕通常到最后都会被暗的部份遮没了，把露出的部份擦去较为省力。同时不用的线痕，往往无形中成为主体的衬托物，所以不擦去无害于画面，有时反而收到无形的效果，这是我们不可不注意的地方。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NcYOdM8aYo6CIixmYIZcnfXUnYe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"空间感","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NKmudsougoiMA8xshTJcq04wnAc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在绘画中依照几何透视和空间透视的原理，描绘出物体之间的远近、层次、穿插等关系，使之在平面的绘画上传达出有深度的立体的空间感觉。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KoSUdUuwMoqSaWxCAcocEcmVnSg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"前面的物体不要画到后面去了也不要把后面的物体画到前面了，合理的安排他们的位置。让整个画面有一个前大后小，前实后虚。上实下虛的空间效果。总之就是画面的层次感明确。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ig2CducEAoy8SKx2Qikc8lpFn6f"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":622,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"空间感","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/84942d80d86748bb9f7eb37c9bfcea43","width":760},"text":"","id":"Ui4kdgkkwok2euxs7n9cSb2VnOd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"入门","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Z8oOdyS8oow0C6x0UqDc7bgOnPg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"画素描之前要充分做好各种线条的练习，还要做线条的由浅入深、由深到浅的成组练习。经过构图、轮廓、大形深入刻画到整体调整等不同的作画环节，这个作画的过程体现从整体到局部到整体的观察过程。如果没有这种正确的作画程序，就不能保证画面的准确、深入与完整。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AA2cd8M0EoseMyxYTaTcwmOAnJd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"素描步骤","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GuSQdwo26ooYGcxojXKcWKrVnJe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"画前要观察研究物体的基本形状，看它的受光方向，结构造型，形成的立体效果，然后用直线勾出","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"它","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"的大体轮廓，再依照光源，确定物体的受光（淡面）、侧光（灰面）、遮光（深面）三大部分。最后在这些面与面之间加上衔接的层次，使它自然、圆润起来，直到表现出质感为止。 素描画好后要对描绘的物体进行统筹和完善加工。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MaiqdQuiYoeUskxYHufcdbZTnYd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"https:///video/BV1mE41167Vm/?p=1\u0026vd_source=6b26da26630111503906a454dabeb61d"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"https:///video/BV1mE41167Vm/?p=1\u0026vd_source=6b26da26630111503906a454dabeb61d","id":""}],"text":"","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"这个视频讲的是受光的技巧，比较浅显易懂","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"，有助于进一步理解","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"E0AYdaEMyoWMYkxKg47c0EGfnKf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"构图","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KqkCdc2Eeom44ux8ffacUnfLnjf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"构图是每一个学习绘画的人所必须要掌握的一项基本能力，从美得感受出发，让观赏者感受到美、舒服。各部份的一种配置法，依照经过设计的格式，一致的比例，或重复的体系去安排。一般情况下在绘画中构图讲究天小地大、左右均衡；各物体大小适中，整体完整，不可过小，亦不可过大。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Z4gWdaAAsooCycxwhyXcKwO0nxh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"五种方法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UWuodeo6Co2eGUxigRGczcwYnSb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、三角形构图，素描静物中最常用到的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RGcYdUiG2oyk0wx0wHKcKUtzn79"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":410,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"构图","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/59023b58506d4e79bc03cc213714f659","width":596},"text":"","id":"NMoOdQSWwooQoAxcZ1UcnHninnh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"三角形构图是最常见的和最稳定的构图形式，静物分成三组放在三个顶点上。此类构图画面稳定、主体突出、层次明确、错落有致，适合静物数量较少的组合。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OGcId2OAwoYu8qxsp9ecygdmnUb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"三角形的三条边是由不同方向的直线合拢而成，而不同的线条组成不同形式的三角形，产生不同的趋势和变化。如果你坐在静物正面中间位置，可能会更多采用三角形构图。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NQCAdyw6Uo0WAuxi08dcR5Lwnud"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、C形构图","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KCgqdQUEKowoG6xkZDjcP5nLnrh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Z0eYdgiQKoYcC0xafb3cJm96ney"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":646,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"构图","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/6f207066382a401cafb725e32afcef67","width":498},"text":"","id":"U00CdcikSoMKy2xGqgFcCVEmnGg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"I24qdCkQyogIOoxhQdLcsTuynop"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"“C”形构图，画面动感程度优于其他形式的构图。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PKMCdcKwAo2Uy0xoPiuc2wN9nvc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"这种构图方式使画面具有流动性，更容易表现较大空问的静物组合。“C”形有三个点，主体物往往在中间点的位置.前面的点往往是第一次要物体的摆放位置，最后面的点帮助你加强画而空间层次的推移。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Y6CadiM2aoQ0KuxgtEbcwLsqnAh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、S形构图","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GeImd4uKAoIckux6FyuclZQnnvc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":638,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"构图","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/7c1b7736397048a3b5f9bdc9b4d43115","width":499},"text":"","id":"NqO8dsOmAowmgoxegsbcfxP1nxc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"\"S”具有曲线的优点，优美而富有活力和韵味，所以“S“形构图给人一种美的享受，而且画面显得生动、活泼。读者的视线随着\"S”形向纵深移动，可有力地表现其场景的空间感和深度感。在 \"S”形构图中，通常会缩短 \"S”的上部，拉长 \"S”的下部，以形成“上紧下松”的构图关系。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RUkadCasGoOs8axIhteci8eAnce"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、圆形构图","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RmuudOkMAoIO6Yxq1RDcDC6An7R"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":420,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"构图","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/9b27a2fd424240fab4fa56aede4c6bfb","width":600},"text":"","id":"P0iIdMCWkoe66GxyCItcmCc1nNb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"圆形构图就是让静物在画面中围成一个圆圈。圆形构图在视觉上给人以旋转、运动和收缩的审美效果。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"T4QQdy2u4oSCioxEXlycSSBunMc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"当圆形被拉长时，就会变成椭圆形。椭圆形构图大都采用宽大于高的横幅形式，它不仅有静态效果，也会产生动态效果，同时还具有较为明显的整体感。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UyWedCQ4moOmGOxQnZ9cGXA4nPz"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、水平式构图","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZOsId8k2mosOwwxekVacO4wvnS2"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":435,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"构图","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/c135d605279c488ebc6f2f360cc0d4bc","width":595},"text":"","id":"Cc6cdkq4QoEs0CxQh98cIsI1noe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"水平式构图的物体不能放在画面正中，应当处于一个偏上或者偏下的位置。水平式构图纵向上的空间层次较少，为了让画面丰富，各个物体要在形状、大小、高矮颜色等因素上形成对比，使画面安定、平和，可以增强画面的稳定感。同时还要安排好位置，形成前后的空间层次。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"M664dyokgogOQAxcbMbcuf1on7f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"文字讲解不能很直观地展现，可配合","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"视频讲解","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"，进一步理解","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"怎么构图","id":""},{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"https:///video/BV14x411R75w/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click\u0026vd_source=6b26da26630111503906a454dabeb61d"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"https:///video/BV14x411R75w/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click\u0026vd_source=6b26da26630111503906a454dabeb61d","id":""}],"text":"","id":""},{"type":"text","text":" ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WOSKdA6YgoAWeqx0u9zcj6P6nvb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"轮廓","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QSMOdAue6o0ao4x2ZYPcTgufnAh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"素描轮廓线是指物体外部和内部形状对线条，描述前进或后退的形状之变化方面的一条断续线或连续线。也指物体对形，没有轮廓线就没有\"形” 。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GaMMdWaQOoaWUmxY1m8cjrwlngf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一般来说轮廓包括外轮廓和内轮廓，两者相互依存，就是说外轮廓画错了，内轮廓也必然跟着错，内轮廓错了也会影响外轮廓的准确。在实践中存在的问题是容易把二者分开来观察，分开来画，分开来检查，必须两者结合起来观察并结合起来画才对。要知道轮廓绝非指简单的物体的外框，要内外兼顾方可画准。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EiGwdiwsEocCqixkTHKchaNZnMc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"轮廓就是形状，画画的第一步是画形状。形状图对了，就顺利了。越画越难受。勾勒轮廓的暗部可以简单处理，勾勒轮廓的同时可以详细画明面。由于形状的透视变化，尤其是轮廓，一分钟宽度等于几英寸宽度，因为边缘是立体形状。当一个同样宽度的面转向后方时，面的长度会越来越窄，直至消失。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UyyEd6wumoosE6x2b2Yca6finDb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"如果外轮廓和内轮廓的基本比例和位置不正确，包含所有细节的形状也会是错误的。所以大纲的确定要严格、严格、细致。 严谨谨慎不是要求你谨小慎微，而是要求你胆大心细。只有大胆细致的书写，勾勒出轮廓，才能知道这幅画的对错。我们要敢于肯定，也要敢于否定和纠正错误。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GuGYdkcE0oEeasxSGDHcdlyinPd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"要想画出正确的轮廓，必须对物体的形象有正确的认识和观察。观察轮廓也是专业训练不可缺少的阶段。一种不仔细观察研究对象，就无法在反复修正的过程中提高识别能力，也无法培养敏锐的视力，理解简单形式的复杂性。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FQqWdIUgyocQqAx2igIc4QRMnab"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"进一步学习可以观看视频讲解，可巩固一些知识点","id":""},{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"https:///video/BV1MT4y1R7ZT/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click\u0026vd_source=6b26da26630111503906a454dabeb61d"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"https:///video/BV1MT4y1R7ZT/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click\u0026vd_source=6b26da26630111503906a454dabeb61d","id":""}],"text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"D0oEduSUSo2sGcxUcuncdjYGncb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"排线","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XEqOdgooKo4aMixIxtHctn6fnJd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"排线是素描最基本的语言元素，在素描中丰富的色调变化是经过许多次的线条叠加而形成的，这其中线条的走向与角度尤其需要注意。画好素描排线就要有一个正确的握笔姿势。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QksEdiSaOoa48sxi4kncZNOnn7c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"正确的握笔姿势，可以分为两种：持棒式和握笔式","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BICGdSS0MoayEExgpYocXhRGn6e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"持棒式：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"P2ysd4oyGo0gmwxw1d6cgTcEnHd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":325,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"排线","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/18b939712e6f4d15821d1a3d973c0f3f","width":485},"text":"","id":"AMUgdy2GcoEmAcxSkW5cZ3t9nHf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"用拇指、食指和中指，三指拿笔与手掌下，如上图，中指起到辅助作用。用拇指左右摆动，在画面形成规则的接近平行的一排线。在用持棒式方法的时候，笔和画面大约在35度角左右就差不多，手和手腕不要接触画面，如果难掌握，可以用小指做支撑点，也可以用手腕自然的上下画出线条。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JKUOdU0uSosoC4x3ZvrcmVuXnL9"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"握笔式：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VoMYd0WAEo6u4ixELITcLwZCn9b"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":326,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"排线","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/c7e7934451774ccca552f5048dc831c3","width":481},"text":"","id":"AiCmdeWeOou8m0xu22KcoLr2nDf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"这种方法就是平时的写字姿势，如上图，这种的握笔方法可以用在面积小的暗面，或者在单体塑造的时候，这种方法用的很多，不像持棒式是在面积大，握笔式很容易掌握，就像写字一样画线条。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ba4gd8KasowcckxWSCkcrLpJnHd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"若干组排线最好不要沿同一方向展开，因为沿同一方向或缺乏方向变化的十字形(夹直角)都将导致画面出现板滞和类似平涂的光赋效果。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RscId2q0moEwyCxA9mccFrionNd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":335,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"排线","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/62c26cd40c5c4d918f04a668701ebd78","width":364},"text":"","id":"HMsydweK8oiqimx6SBScDmhgnJg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"用一组组的线排开，颜色深浅不同，表现出明暗关系。当我们画苹果时，在背光处铺出一组调子，就是画的暗面。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"McUyd0EGYo2aSgx0IB3ccrTrnlb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":358,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"排线","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/9a6ca78e89c94efd91feec5560af482d","width":358},"text":"","id":"OweIdgI0qoQA8Cx6GXgc6U0VnNx"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"线只是用来表现明暗变化，以此来塑造物体体积，表现空间的一种手段。无论怎么排线，只要画出效果就可以，不拘泥于各种形式。各种线的画法会产生不同的效果，所以在画不同的画时我们可以用不同的排线方法。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HU8Id2464oYKAExEl2ocSiMtnPh"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":335,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"排线","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/0cfff57312b241e9a9bddf315b417fa8","width":364},"text":"","id":"RuiSd28g8o28QgxfHOUcDiSEnvX"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"苹果的画法视频已经讲了很多，感兴趣可以看看","id":""},{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"https:///video/BV1ct411Q7RE/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click\u0026vd_source=6b26da26630111503906a454dabeb61d"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"https:///video/BV1ct411Q7RE/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click\u0026vd_source=6b26da26630111503906a454dabeb61d","id":""}],"text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GOEYdYwweoo4gexy40fcvhUanre"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":722,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"排线","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/408fd90c2b514bef9dc9528d10fc9efa","width":607},"text":"","id":"Bq2gdsqS8oE8iYxMJqZcBks4nCd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"控制明暗的逐渐变化以创造实体形式的错觉效果，使物体有三度空间的特质。","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"在深面与灰面上先铺上一片均匀的线条，使受光面暂时空出，这样就是用大块大面来表现物体，然后将各个块面中细部，也同样依照受光、侧光、遮光分成小块、小面来处理。还要注意小块、小面的明暗，使它们服从大面的统一调子，而大面又必须服从于整体。","id":""},{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"https:///video/BV1Zh41147Dk/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click\u0026vd_source=6b26da26630111503906a454dabeb61d"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"https:///video/BV1Zh41147Dk/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click\u0026vd_source=6b26da26630111503906a454dabeb61d","id":""}],"text":"","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"这个视频讲的是五种线条的画法，实践与理论相结合。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZeI8dC4OwoM6AGx0QITcXwPMnje"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"深度学习","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NAIgdM0A4oUeIyx6u7WcDWUqnBh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"速写","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NQ8SdGeaqoOasIxUP3XcaC7BnFh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"速写一般不拘泥于局部的形似，而常以形写神，表达方式简练，对专业创作、设计草图和快速表现都有积极的意义。速写的高度提炼与时间较长、较深入地练习是相辅相成互相促进的，速写画得多，在复杂的素描写生开始阶段也会更快地把握构图和造型。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CCEEdiOyooaCa8xYjEFcK4pMnnh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"以素描作画相对的时间为依据，短至数分钟长则半小时左右都可算是速写，因速写的基本特征是简练而快速地写生，因此是画者的第一印象。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HQ6sdKeKCoQ0WwxAFXpc0W3DnVc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"对结构理解的深入扎实的素描基本功，在速写中也会体现出来。经常大量的速写训练，可以最有效地培养敏锐的观察力和艺术的概括能力，以及提高快速高效的表现技能。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XmGqdUMQsogqK0xyqIbc0r3Qnjd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"速写是一种非常便捷的素描方式，其常见题材有风景速写、人物速写、动物速写等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Fs6gdeCemoA0ggxktB2coZkOnHf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"构图","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Uqgyd8o2Ioki84xkXqdcDkOsnvd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"构图的重要性，大家都知道，单个动作的构图比较简单，原则上宁上勿下。动作朝左，构图偏右即可。双人组合要注意两个动作的主次对比和相互谐调，首先比例要一致，站立的动作和坐着的动作一样高是不行的。场景组合难度较大，透视是最需要注意的，前大后小的原理一定牢记。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NmScdQmyQomwoMxSWuxc3XddnTb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"人物","id":""}],"text":"","id":"F40Ad8AQmoyqqexy8SccGWasnig"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"人体躯干在衣服的包裹下，无论是厚衣服还是薄衣服，都是紧贴人体的躯干形体。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IcOqduksAoGsktxnd8acZeYEnpT"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"从衣领开始描绘，形体外轮廓与运动所产生的褶皱相结合刻画。注意海条线条的粗细、深浅、长短变化。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LYAidwMakoYue2xs5hucy5ahnab"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"紧接上一步，调整画面的素描关系，可以上一些调子来拉开画面的关系，注意调子的轻重。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"V88Yd2OKwoSkUQxoXtUclgUVn2c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"注意构图，比例，动态块的侧锋勾画出对象的大体形块。起形要概括，快速，不要在意那么多细节。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HEcKdgI4oo2ckYx2k05c8AhKnuW"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"可以先把头部深入出来，然后再推出全身。但是要注意五官要画得精致准确，做到一气呵成，不然容易影响后面。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DgIydME68o6s8KxEsG5cs6JLnab"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"较常用的步骤：五官虚带，定出位置和大小，快速把整个人物画出，抓住大的框架形状和此较明显的穿插关系。先深入五官,手脚与其他最后深入。优点：即使画面随时停下也可以保持画面完整。不会有没有画完的感觉。难点：要整体观察把握，对于穿插比较理解。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OU46dMaaIo8AcYx849Rclh8Enec"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"坐姿一般选在正侧和四分之三角度比较容易表现，要注意人物的整体动态走势与整个人的比例关系，不要把上短和把腿画的过长。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FOwadiEuaoioQgxFq9rck23Knfy"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"快速勾出整个人的框架形（如头、胸腔、胯部、四肢，手脚）要肯定整体，可以略带穿插关系，不需要画多。时刻整体地去观察，不能陷入局部。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WCiCd8gKso4c2QxyIDbc3ghXnag"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"完善细节：画出头手脚具体形象,并增加灰层次，同时调整衣纹关系，加入裁剪线等装饰。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TeOudA8AUoYmQ0xcv6UcfK25nYg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"深入画面：用侧锋带出灰面，增加胸腔，盆腔,四肢的体积感。调整画面主次关系,注意前后胳膊,腿的强弱关系。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Hie4dGEgyoOsw6xoXK4cYXU4nMc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"默写","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BMAcd00W4oyWgEx4olVc2aE7nib"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"默写是脱离了写生对象，完全凭着自己的记忆和理解来把握画面的，在素描的学习中适当地配合默写训练，有助于增强视觉形象的记忆能力，同时又可以训练对画面图形的创造性思维和表现能力，有利于加深写生中对素描知识的理解。其实默写和速写也有着密切的关系，在速写中不可能看一眼画一笔，很多是靠对写生对象的理解和记忆来完成的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"I2YsdsEwKo4ECGxkfmocl5wgn2e"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":" 掌握头部解剖","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ayqkde26AoKkgqx4KSfc10hanEd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在没有模特或具体的作画对象时，画者只能通过记忆或平时头像写生的经验来完成对头像的默写。内外部形体结构的把握能力，以及对素描技法的合理运用和表现能力。在平时的训练中要着重理解头部骨骼的构造、熟悉头骨各部位的名称及正确位置，做到没有参照对象也熊熟练正确地画出头部各部位的位實及解剖关系。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LoIsdwq0uoGEmSxqmmlcqe0NnNf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"头像写生训练","id":""}],"text":"","id":"R6Wydmk4woqeGuxAzsFcn0UcnXd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"平时要积累大量的人物头像写生的作画经验，在人物头像写生训练中，要有针对性地选择写生对象。如选择考试中经常出现的男青年或女青年模特进行写生训练，也适当选择一些老年模特写生，有备无患。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DIu0dQoUuoa8wIxoFKKcz910n0g"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"临摹加强记忆","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Zac8d0Aw0o2M0gxmWzkc6sxnnXc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"临摹是学习头像写生的最好办法，也是提高素描头像造型能力的有效途径之一。通过临摹，学习他人的经验和技法，真切地体会画者的感受和意图，领会作品的精神所在。这样既节省时间又事半功倍。临摹还能提高眼睛的准确观察力及眼与手的配合能力。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Humadoem6oq0uWxg3eIc8CKvnNd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"静物作画技巧","id":""}],"text":"","id":"J2eydGeyooWoimx8tCec2a22n8d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"素描所表达的是形体与空间不外乎黑、白、灰三字，一幅素描起码应该具备三个方面的成功：一是形体结构准确，二是黑、白、灰大层次分明，三是中心焦点突出。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"R84od4yemoOsAuxqUcacjcDjnwc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":643,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"静物作画技巧","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/e694013254a1481bb1202c98eabc435f","width":491},"text":"","id":"E4KqdMWocouuKExv1TxcUq6Dnin"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"中心焦点是有视觉习惯形成的，所谓焦点，在客观上应该是在结构中最有特征、又最能展示形体与空间部位的。常位于画幅前景接近中心的部位，是中心也是重心。画素描就应有点偏心，如果平均用力不仅破坏了整体感，也违背了视觉的真实。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ym6CdmUmGosmo0xQjQecM348nFh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"轮廓线（包括一些局部轮廓线）只是物体的某些面在转移时被缩小了形象，用轮廓线来认识世界不应是初习素描者的课题，而先要学习用立体的观念来研究世界。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Z0aSdweoEoCWkKxgdWMcAjOFnDh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"这条线的表现力是不容忽视的，因为物体表面有丰富的起伏向纵深转折时又与空间组成各种关系，它时浓时淡，宽窄虚实，变化无穷，不单单只是一条“线”。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WI4sd8YQkoe6qMxGyKCcVfKTnFe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OWGkdc8oComOO0xk7X6c1sg7nBe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"第一是结构，第二才是光，黑白则是它的附属物。大家要学会借助黑白来认识形体结构，但有时黑白也会歪曲形体结构的原来面貌。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XAswdEe6coMGmaxOYROcNHGEnGe"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":719,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"静物作画技巧","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/0bfad00f0c4d460384ba3c648967a8e5","width":552},"text":"","id":"DYC0diG0qowW4WxQWUDcZqQencx"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"画素描就是找区别，大区别就是“大关系”，凡是大关系都具有整体性的分量，它容纳并制约着所有局部，因而它是最重要的。小区别就是“小关系”，就是指处于同一色调中的轻微差异。相对于整体来说，它们只能被称之为“局部”。它们以一定的比例或层次关系组织起来并充实着整体。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"J8MEdyYa6oWQgMxyAIDctUlYnkb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"没有局部，“整体”便是空的，而如果没有整体的制约，“局部”就成为散乱无序，所以它们是相辅相成辨证统一的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RkgmdmcuWoWSSQxmkVKcUuRUn4b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"结构的透视变形色调的黑白相称，对边线的虚实处理，三者共同担负着表现空间与体积的任务。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NsWidy2uYouUaKxaEWucNEnonEb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"线和线条技法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"L8gedq8o6oog46xKKTQcuuJcn2e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"素描的要素是线，但是线在实质上却是不存在的，它只代表物体、颜色和平面的边界，用来作为物体的幻觉表现。直到近代，线才被人们认为是形式的自发要素，并且独立于被描绘的物体之外。用线条来组成物体的形象，并且描绘于平面之上，藉由线条形式引起观者的联想。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FIWIduuw2oyCsaxYXesclq1LnDh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"例如两条线相交所构成的角形，可以被认为是某平面的边界；另外加上第三条线可以在画面上造成立体感。弧形的线条可以象征拱顶，交会聚集的线条可表现深度。人们可以从线条的变化当中，得到可以领会的形象。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NMSgdK88eowKyEx2DHmcLcFQnab"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"用线条区分立体与平面，至于色彩明暗是为了加强和厘清整体与部分的关系。运用线条的开始，消失和中断来画出边界，并且形成平面，也可使色彩至边界而上。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SCWkdUwIEocK8mxiU9AcBuXEnwg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"线条的粗细能表现物体的变化，甚至光和影也可用线条的笔触变化表现出来，还需要平面技法的辅助。平面技法在使用炭粉笔时，在明暗对照上可用擦笔法。素描也可用多色画笔作为基本材料，用来加强素描效果以及素描的艺术性。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WAGSdcYcGoEiSSxAFDscjosIngg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"素描的要素是线，但是线在实质上却是不存在的，它只代表物体、颜色和平面的边界，用来作为物体的幻觉表现。直到近代，线才被人们认为是形式的自发要素，并且独立于被描绘的物体之外。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VOSgdy2UUouKcCxQHOtc2sUynoe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"透过线条手段，单纯的轮廓勾勒可以发展成精致的素描，这个视频讲的比较清楚","id":""},{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"https://haokan.baidu.com/v?pd=wisenatural\u0026vid=2187580955371434233"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"https://haokan.baidu.com/v?pd=wisenatural\u0026vid=2187580955371434233","id":""}],"text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AumidSiWcoKW6KxA9IhcASKYnkf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":668,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"线和线条技法","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/68b35d09e0374f19b9f3587b7afbdda3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